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A white civilian videotaped the assault. This incident led to extensive media coverage and criminal charges against several of the officers involved. After facing a federal trial, two of the four officers were convicted and received month prison sentences. The case was widely seen as a key factor in the reform of the Los Angeles Police Department.
Under president Idi Amin , many Ugandan people were killed, including minority groups. Many others were tortured. There were also deaths in police custody due to police action from to In , as a result of police officers being accused of crimes such as rape, torture, and murder, the cost of civil liabilities claims were so great that there was concern the costs would strain the South African Police Service national budget.
The police commissioner at the time, Riah Phiyega, blamed the large number of claims "on a highly litigious climate". Police brutality has spread throughout Soweto. Nathaniel Julius was killed in Soweto by police officers from the El Dorado police station. He was a 16 year old boy with Down Syndrome , and was shot because he didn't respond to the police officer calling him. This action was not warranted because Nathaniel didn't have any weapons on him and he was just walking from the store after buying biscuits.
Two police officers were arrested over Julius' death on murder charges, after mass protests against this in the area. South African police are commonly accused of excessive force, with ten deaths attributed to police the same year Police brutality was a major contribution to the Egyptian revolution and Khaled Said 's death, though little has changed since. After six months of reporting gang rape, a woman in Egypt is still seeking justice not only for herself, but also those who were witnesses in her favor and are jailed, tortured in pretrial custody.
The lack of investigation into the Fairmont Hotel rape case of has also put the Egyptian authorities under condemnation. Reportedly, the prime witnesses of the case have been subjected to drug testing, virginity tests and publicly defamed, while their families suffer trauma. In May , a man named Shamim Reja was killed by police in the Sonargaon police station.
The victim's father claimed that his son was tortured in the police station as the police wanted Bangladeshi Taka BDT , In Shahbag, Bangladesh on 26 January , hundreds of protesters against the Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company were taken into custody with extreme force by police officers. The protesters were struck by police officers and had a water cannon, tear gas, and baton charges used on them. On 23 January , a pro-jallikattu silent protest in Tamil Nadu turned violent.
The National Human Rights Commission consolidated reports that the police used violent methods without prior warning, including beatings and damaging private property, to disperse protesters in Chennai. There were widespread social media reports of police setting vehicles on fire. Islamic extremists in Indonesia have been targeted by police as terrorists in the country.
In many cases, they are either captured or killed. There are cases of police corruption involving hidden bank accounts and retaliation against journalists investigating these claims; one example occurred in June when Indonesian magazine Tempo had journalist activists beaten by police. Separately, on 31 August police officers in Central Sulawesi province fired into a crowd of people protesting the death of a local man in police custody; five people were killed and 34 injured.
The police's history of violence goes back to the military-backed Suharto regime — when Suharto seized power during an alleged coup and instituted an anti-Communist purge. Criminal investigations into human rights violations by the police are rare, punishments are light, and Indonesia has no independent national body to deal effectively with public complaints.
Amnesty International has called on Indonesia to review police tactics during arrests and public order policing to ensure that they meet international standards. During the Bersih protests, Malaysian police attacked protesters and killed one. Malaysian police also cane prisoners for several offences, including theft, drug dealing and molestation.
The discussions of police brutality in the Philippines were revived on 21 December when a civilian police officer Jonel Nuezca shot his two unarmed neighbors following an argument over an improvised noise maker known locally as boga set up by the victim a day earlier.
In Singapore, people cannot protest. Police have also caned people for vandalism and other offences. The Gulf Cooperation Council GCC member states have seen many cases of brutality, with some even involving senior figures.
He often recorded some of the abuse. Issa was eventually arrested but a court found him not guilty and released him. Authorities in Saudi Arabia have also been filmed lashing civilians for different reasons. Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American activist and his death inside a Saudi Embassy drew widespread criticism. In October , he went into the Embassy in Turkey.
On that same day, a group of Saudi authorities entered the country and intercepted him at the Embassy and killed him soon after. They disposed of his body and then returned to Saudi Arabia.
In Bahrain, police and military personnel manhandled and shot dead many Arab Spring protesters. During the Gulf war, the Iraqis pillaged Kuwait and killed or tortured many people.
A number of men and women were also raped. At the end of the war, some troops deliberately set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields. Before that, Saddam Hussein used the police to arrest any one who opposed him. Iranian authorities routinely harass women if they are not wearing a hijab or if they show too much skin. The authorities have also harassed minorities, especially Bahai people. Pakistan's law enforcement is divided into multiple tiers, including forces under provincial and federal government control.
The law strictly prohibits any physical abuse of suspected or convicted criminals; however, due to deficiencies during the training process, there have been reported instances of suspected police brutality. Reported cases are often investigated by police authorities as well as civil courts leading to mixed outcomes.
A recent case includes the purported extra judicial killing of a man named Naqeebullah by an ex-officer named "Rao Anwar". Taking notice of the matter, the Supreme Court issued arrest and detention warrants in the case to arrest the accused.
As a result of the police trying to stop the rally, people were injured. During the Hong Kong protests , there were numerous instances of police brutality. Seven police officers were caught on video kicking and beating a prominent political activist who was already handcuffed. Pictures on local TV and social media show demonstrators being dragged behind police lines, circled by police officers so that onlookers' views were blocked, and in some cases, re-emerging with visible injuries.
An officer-involved, retired police officer Frankly Chu King-wai was sentenced to three months in prison for causing serious bodily harm. During the —20 Hong Kong protests which gained extensive international coverage, [43] [44] [45] [46] complaints of police brutality increased substantially and broke previous records of complaints.
Cases that have caused outrage include the police's mauling and intentional head-shooting of protesters by rubber bullets [47] [48] [49] and rapid tear-gassing of a surrounded crowd. Many Hong Kong citizens accuse the police of attempting to murder protesters to deter the people from exercising their freedom of expression.
Amnesty International released a report on 21 June denouncing the role of the Hong Kong police in the 12 June protest that ended up in bloodshed. Several street conflicts continued in Hong Kong throughout July Instances of police striking journalists with batons to obstruct their live reporting have been filmed. On the night of 31 August , more than riot police officers entered the Prince Edward MTR station and attacked suspects in a train compartment on the Tsuen Wan line with batons and pepper spray.
Many suspects sustained head injuries. Politically motivated riots and protests have occurred historically in China, notably with the Tiananmen Square protests of Chinese protesters have been able to systematize powerful group mobilizations with the use of social media and informal mass communication like Twitter and its Chinese counterparts Weibo. The Xintang region, Canton Province Guangzhou , is an influential textile hub, attracting thousands of workers from all over the country, and what lit the fuse was a complaint of mistreatment against a pregnant migrant worker.
Protests on 20 February [ year needed ] used a website to urge participants not to shout more anti-government slogans, but to go outside for a quiet walk in the places where they had been deciding to continue the protest.
After a brutal police response, the authorities installed corrugated metal fences outside the restaurant and the home of dissident and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo. This presence interrupted the orderly operation of the shops. In , Thai police, military personnel and others, were seen shooting at protesters at Thammasat University. Many were killed and many survivors were abused. Turkey has a history of police brutality, including the use of torture particularly between and Police brutality featured excessive use of tear gas including targeting protesters with tear gas canisters , [66] pepper spray, and water cannons.
Physical violence against protesters has been observed, for example, in the suppression of Kurdish protests and May Day demonstrations. The protests in Turkey were in response to the brutal police suppression of an environmentalist sit-in protesting the removal of Taksim Gezi Park. The European Court of Human Rights has noted the failure of the Turkish investigating authorities to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment by law enforcement personnel during demonstrations.
In , the General Directorate of Security issued a circular banning all audio-visual recordings of law enforcement officers at protests. In Vienna, there is an association made between Vienna's drug problem and the city's African migrants, which have led to African migrants being racially profiled. There have been several highly publicized incidents in Austria where police have either tortured, publicly humiliated, or violently beaten people—in some cases, to the point of death.
While the most notorious of these incidents occurred in the late s, incidents as recent as are being investigated by the Vienna Police Department for Special Investigations. There has been a notable lack of commitment to addressing the violation of civilians' rights in Austria, with Amnesty International reporting that in — very few people who violated human rights were brought to justice.
This was worsened by the fact that many people who made a complaint against police were brought up on counter-charges such as resisting arrest, defamation, and assault. From to , accusations of police misconduct were made against officers in Vienna with none being charged, though 1, people were charged with "civil disorder" in a similar time period. The culture of excusing police officers for their misconduct has continued into the present day, and any complaints of mistreatment are often met with inadequate investigations and judicial proceedings.
Austria has legislation that criminalizes hate speech against anyone's race, religion, nationality, or ethnicity. Austria has several NGOs that are trying to implement broad programs that encourage positive cross-cultural relations and more targeted programs such as racial sensitivity training for police. The Austrian police are formulating their policies to prevent police brutality and to make prosecuting police misconduct fairer.
However, it appears that incidents of police brutality are still occurring. One suggestion was to disband the Bereitschaftspolizei , Vienna's riot police, as they have frequently been involved with human rights violations and situations of police brutality.
Such a plan was required by the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The police in Belarus clamp down on dissidents, often violently. In May , authorities stopped Ryanair Flight in Belarusian airspace.
A Belarusian journalist and activist, Roman Protasevich was taken off the plane and detained by authorities. Belgian law enforcement changed to two police forces operating on a federal and local level in after a three-tier police system.
While the two services remain independent, they integrate common training programs and recruitment. The change was prompted by a national parliamentary report into a series of pedophile murders which proved police negligence and severely diminished public confidence. Currently, approximately 33, local police and civilians work across regional police forces. An extreme instance in January led to the death of Jonathan Jacob in Mortsel.
He was apprehended by local Mortsel police for behaving strangely under the influence of amphetamines. The footage depicted eight officers from Antwerp police's Special Intervention Unit restraining and beating Jacob after he had been injected with a sedative sparked public outrage.
Jacob died from internal bleeding following the incident, but police claimed they did not make any mistakes and "acted carefully, respecting the necessary precautions". In , the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR convicted Belgium of human rights violations in an appeal on the treatment of two brothers in custody who had been slapped by an officer.
The Grand Chamber voiced its concern that "a slap inflicted by a law-enforcement officer on an individual who is entirely under his control constitutes a serious attack on the individual's dignity".
Several other instances of police violence can be noted in Belgium. In , Mawda, a four-year-old child was killed in an encounter with a truck used to carry migrants across the border. A police officer shot on the moving car, despite knowing a child was in it. In , Lamine Bangoura was killed in his own apartment by eight policemen because he had not paid rent. In the attempt to evict him out of his flat, the policemen used unwarranted brutality which resulted in Lamine's death.
In , Mehdi, year-old Moroccan boy was run over by a police car on patrol. He was hit by a police car to stop him in his chase, which killed him on impact. Sources say it was on purpose, even though he was on a scooter. Both these cases had been filed as dismissed. In , Ibrahima was arrested. He was filming a police control. The authorities however, said he was arrested for not respecting the curfew, which starts at 10pm, even though his arrest happened at 6pm.
He died in police custody, in unknown circumstances. His death prompted a lot of reaction from the public, who organized a protest a few days after his killing. The Constitution of Croatia prohibits torture, mistreatment, and cruel and degrading punishment under Article 17, and accords arrested and convicted persons humane treatment under Article 25 of the OHCHR.
From to , the Croatian police, in addition to their regular police tasks, were a militarised force charged with the role of defending the country while seceding from Yugoslavia. The European Court of Human Rights has found that Croatian police authorities have failed to fulfill their obligations, on numerous occasions, under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to carry out effective investigations to protect its citizens and tourists from violent attacks.
The Croatian police have a history of discriminatory abuse and failing to recognise violence against the Romani minority living in Croatia. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance noted that Croatian police abuse against minority groups including Romani were continually reported; [] police authorities are reluctant to take violence against Romani people seriously.
The Croatian police violence has been used to intimidate refugees travelling from Serbia into Croatia. The Police of Denmark has a force of approximately 11, officers and they serve in the 12 police districts and the two Danish overseas territories.
A majority of complaints stem from general misconduct, such as traffic violations and unprofessional behaviour e. However, the Annual Report identifies some instances where the Police of Denmark used excessive force.
Although examples of police brutality are not common, highly publicised incidents have been reported. To ensure that police are well-trained and to mitigate the risk of police brutality, police recruits undergo approximately three years of training; at the National Police College, recruits learn about police theory, the Road Traffic Act, criminal law, physical training, other legislation, first aid, radio communication, securing evidence, identifying drugs, preventing crime, management, human rights, and cultural sociology to name a few.
By comparison, US police academies provide an average of 19 weeks of classroom instruction. To keep police officers accountable and to ensure that they perform their duties in compliance with Danish, European and international laws, the Independent Police Complaints Authority has the power to handle criminal investigations against police officers and determine complaints of police misconduct.
For example, police. Any assessment of the justification of such force must also take into account whether the use of force involves any risk of bodily harm to third parties. Therefore, police in Denmark are held to high standards and will face consequences if they breach their obligations to encourage compliance.
Victims of police misconduct are encouraged to lodge a report with the Authority. The Estonian Police force was temporarily dissolved in when Estonia lost its independence to the Soviet Union after it was occupied, before the Police Act passed in dissolved the Soviet militsiya and re-established it.
The main objectives for this organisation are to maintain security and public order, crime prevention, detection and investigation, securing the European Union EU border, citizenship and identity documentation administration. Incidents of police abuse are very rare. Although uncommon, powers are sometimes abused which leads to police brutality, such as the Bronze Soldier riots.
The Bronze Night occurred from 26 to 29 April , when riots broke out over the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn being relocated. The government wanted to relocate the statue and rebury the associated remains near the Tallinn Military Cemetery; the response was heavily negative among the country's Russophone population, but for Estonians historically the Bronze Soldier served as a symbol of Soviet occupation and repression.
One Russian rioter was killed and other protesters were arrested. Due to the overcrowded detention centres, many of the detainees were taken to cargo terminals in Tallinn's seaport. Then-chairman of the Constitution Party Andrei Zarenkov stated "people were forced to squat for hours or lie on the concrete floor with their hands tied behind their backs.
The police used plastic handcuffs which caused great pain. The police selectively beat the detainees including women and teenagers. We have pictures of a toilet which is stained with the blood of the injured".
The police department denied all claims made against them. On 22 May , the Office of Prosecutor General of Estonia [] received more than fifty complaints on the police brutality that occurred during Bronze Night and opened seven criminal cases against them. In November , the United Nations Committee Against Torture expressed concerns over the use of excessive force and brutality by law enforcement personnel in regards to Bronze Night.
It was later discovered that the accused were only allowed outside contact and lawyer assistance when brought before a judge. Several detainees were denied access to a doctor while in police custody despite displaying visible injuries. The policing structure of the nineteenth century France has been linked to the outcomes of France's reorganisation during the French Revolution.
France's police ombudsman is currently dealing with 48 judicial inquiries into police brutality against its citizens, in which 1, individuals have been arrested within three months. Grey areas around police accountability have come to light, including questions over how his body was covered in bruises and whether or not carotid restraint which involves constricting the carotid arteries was used against him.
Recent protests over disputed labor laws have revealed the extreme nature of police brutality in France, as many videos have surfaced in the media depicting police using disproportionate force on protesters. French officials have forced these aggressive videos to be destroyed. A group known as the Stolen Lives Collective formed in response to the increased number of cases of police brutality in French communities. The group strongly demands the government to act against police brutality and to reduce racism present across the police force in France.
On 14 December , Amnesty International reported police brutality during the yellow vests movement. Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes and hands, and the development of neurological disorders caused by police blast balls.
Historically, police brutality was commonplace during the s and s following the Finnish Civil War. In , there were 7, police officers in Finland. The number of these crimes were shown to increase annually. These types of cases were the most likely to be dismissed before proceeding to the prosecutor for consideration. In , a year-old police constable lured a year-old girl to his house by showing her his badge, where he got her drunk and raped her twice.
The constable was fired and sentenced to a two-year suspended sentence. Facial bones were also broken and he was left permanently damaged. One guard participating in the assault was sentenced to an day suspended prison sentence.
The police twisted the man's hands and pushed him backward and broke a femur in the process. According to the police, he had resisted, contrary to eyewitness accounts. A third officer testified that the event was captured on surveillance video, which was stored but accidentally destroyed. The officer also stated that they had seen the footage and claimed that the video did not show any resistance on the part of the victim, but also that the assault happened out of the camera's view.
Germany is sensitive towards its history in implementing policing practices, though this has not stopped international bodies from identifying a clear pattern of police ill-treatment of foreigners and members of ethnic minorities.
As law enforcement is vested solely with the states of Germany, each state's police force or "Land" police follows a different system of law.
Accordingly, there is an absence of a federal comprehensive register, compiling and publishing regular, uniform, and comprehensive figures on complaints about police ill-treatment. The study was conducted by the Ruhr-University of Bochum and was the biggest study at the time to be conducted on police brutality in Germany.
The study found that the low number of complaints was likely due to a low expectation of success. Despite this objective lack of accountability for policing practice, public levels of trust in police remain among the highest in the EU only behind Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. Lower numbers exist in Scandinavian countries and the UK, [] suggesting that Germany is attempting to build the impression of having a more laissez-faire approach to policing, despite instances of police brutality.
One of the first documented incidents dates back to , where year-old activist Sideris Isidoropoulos was killed by police while he put up campaign posters on a public building.
In , year-old protester Stamatina Kanelopoulou and year-old Iakovos Koumis died at the hands of the Greek police. They were beaten to death by police officers during a demonstration commemorating the Athens Polytechnic uprising.
The protests still occur to this day for protesters to commemorate the uprising. The protests are still commonly affected by police brutality around the time of the event.
The level and severity of police brutality in Greece over the last few years have been profound. Due to the recent financial crisis, many austerity measures have been enforced, resulting in many individuals and families struggling to survive. Greek citizens opposed these austerity measures from the beginning and showed their disapproval with strikes and demonstrations. In response, police brutality has significantly increased, with consistent reports on the use of tear gas, severe injuries inflicted by the police force, and unjustified detention of protesters.
In Greek police allegedly tortured four young men believed to be bank robbery suspects following their arrest. It was claimed that the men were hooked and severely beaten in detention.
The media published photos of the men, all with severe bruising, though the police's press release showed digitally manipulated photos of the four without injuries. The Greek minister of citizen protection— Nikos Dendias —supported the police and claimed that they needed to use Photoshop to ensure the suspects were recognisable. Victims claimed they were tortured while being held at the Attica General Police Directorate and stated that police officers slapped them, spat on them, burnt their arms with cigarette lighters, and kept them awake with flashlights and lasers.
Dendias countered by accusing the British newspaper that published the details of these crimes of libel. It was proven by forensic examination that the torture had taken place. The two Greek journalists who commented on The Guardian report the next day were fired. Police brutality in Greece today predominantly manifests itself in the form of unjustified and extreme physical violence towards protesters and journalists. Amnesty International highlights that the continued targeting of journalists is concerning as it infringes on the right to freedom of expression.
According to a recent Amnesty International report, there have been multiple instances in which police have used excessive brutal force, misused less-lethal weapons against protesters, attacked journalists, and subjected bystanders to ill-treatment, particularly over the course of the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising, which took place on 17 November Police allegedly sprayed protesters with chemical irritants from close range — in one instance a year-old girl with asthma had been treated in the hospital after this attack and when she informed police of her condition they laughed.
Video footage confirmed that on 13 November , riot police began to strike students who attempted to run away from the grounds of Athens Polytechnic. Media reports suggest that around 40 protesters had to seek subsequent medical attention to injuries sustained from brutal police beatings.
A German exchange student said he was beaten randomly by riot police in the Exarheia district, stating his only reason for being there was that he was eating with other students. The student gave a horrifying description of the violence he endured and cowered in a corner when he saw police because a few weeks before he had witnessed police beating a man they had arrested.
He claimed that upon spotting him, about six police officers began assaulting him with their batons, and when they left they were replaced by another group of police. It has been indicated that riot police left beaten and gravely injured individuals without any medical assistance. Amnesty International urges Greece to effectively and promptly investigate these crimes against civilians, which violate human rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.
There have been instances where protesters were used as human shields — a photo of a female protester in handcuffs ahead of policeman as people threw rocks at the police has gained considerable media attention.
None of the cases of police brutality above resulted in any prosecution of police force members. One case that sparked nationwide riots was the death of year-old Alexis Grigoropoulos, who was shot dead by a police officer in December during demonstrations in Athens, sparkling large riots against police brutality.
Unlike other cases, the police officer responsible was convicted of murder. The police force in Hungary consists of the National Bureau of Investigation and the Operational Police, who respectively deal with investigating severe crimes and riot suppression. Police threw gas grenades and used rubber bullets to shoot protesters.
Protesters and non-violent civilians passing by were targeted, tackled, and injured by the police. Police broke the fingers of a handcuffed man and raided restaurants and bars to find radical demonstrators. Police brutality ranged from offensive language to physically attacking protesters.
Reports show that brutality extended to bypassers, tourists, news reporters, and paramedics. Hungarian Spectrum blogger Eva S. The requirements to become a police officer in Hungary are to graduate from high school, pass a matriculation exam, and complete two years in the police academy.
Most of what the Hungarian police academy teaches is academic theory and not much on practice. Police brutality has been a long-standing issue in Northern Ireland due to unsavoury police procedures used during the Troubles to obtain admissions of guilt. At present Northern Ireland still faces policing issues, though not to the extent during the Troubles.
There are concerns about harassment by police against children aged 14—18 in low socio-economic areas of Northern Ireland which have led to a deep level of mistrust between the youth and the police. Instances of harassment include police officials spitting on individuals or enforcing laws in a discriminatory fashion.
Excessive use of force is unlawful, though section 76 7 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act allows the following considerations when deciding on what force is reasonable.
A person acting for a legitimate purpose may not be able to weigh up the exact necessary action at the time or may act instinctively but honestly — in these instances, the use of force may be considered reasonable. This is acknowledged by the Garda, who state: "Unfortunately, even in the most civilised democratic jurisdictions, tragedies resulting from police use of force will continue to devastate families and communities".
The use of force by Irish Police officers has been of international concern, when the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture reported on this issue in the Republic three times within a decade.
Incidents that prompted this concern centred around the death of John Carty, a man suffering from mental illness who was shot and killed by police; the prosecution of seven Garda police members due to assaults on protesters in and in ; and a fifteen-year-old boy who died after spending time in Garda custody. Given this state of events, the Garda engaged independent Human Rights experts to conduct a review of the force who found numerous deficiencies. The government responded by implementing new procedures based on this report.
These include a new complaints procedure available against the Garda Ombudsman Commission , disciplinary procedures and whistle-blowing protections. The use of excessive violence by police officers has been a major concern in Italy since the s. Beatings and violence are commonly used during demonstrations, and several murders have been carried out.
The following incidents caused concern in the country:. Latvia became an independent republic in and attempted to develop an effective and accepted police force, moving away from the untrusted Russian Tsarist administration. Despite positive post-independence aims to reform the police system and to maintain public order and security, the Latvian police were underfunded and under-resourced.
The National Militia was created in response, consisting of a group of volunteers to protect public order. From to , Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union , and all previous regulations and practices were overruled by the Communist regime, which brought in the Soviet militsiya.
More significantly, the approach of community policing was replaced with a militarised authority based on Marxist ideologies. During this time, an imbalance existed between police actions and citizens' rights.
Despite the lack of statistics, it is clear that police brutality was a major issue, as ustrated by the case where the former nominal head of the militsiya in practice - the secret police of the KGB of the Latvian SSR Alfons Noviks was sentenced to life imprisonment in this time period for genocide against the Latvian people.
In , the independence of the state of Latvia was restored, which saw another change in the police system with the implementation of the Law on Police on 5 June. This restructured the police into State, Security, and Local Government levels. The Law on Police reiterated ethical requirements, where police officers were prohibited from performing or supporting acts relating to "torture or other cruel, inhuman or demeaning treatment or punishment".
However, despite these reforms, issues regarding police brutality arose among the Russian population living in Latvia; in , police forces were accused of dispersing a rally of predominately Russian pensioners through the use of excessive force and brutality. Reports from Latvian prisons illustrate cases where police batons were used to inflict serious harm to inmates, including causing broken ribs, which often were not medically assessed for up to two days.
This identifies fundamental flaws in the Latvian police authorities. While the CPT gives appropriate authorities recommendations for improvements such as a review board for ill-treatment, they found that in , Latvian authorities did not enact any of their recommendations.
This was alleged to occur mostly while being apprehended or at the police station including during questioning. Despite the flaws within the Latvian Police system, CPT has found that the number of allegations for poor treatment is decreasing over the years.
The Latvian Police force operates under the Professional Ethics and Conduct Code of the State Police Personnel, which states "a police officer shall use force, special facilities or weapon only in the cases stipulated by due course of law and to attain a legal aim. The use of spontaneous or -intentioned force, special facilities or weapon shall not be justified", [] recognising that the authorities are conscious of police brutality, and given more time, it is likely that the figures will continue to decrease.
The Grand Ducal Police is the primary law enforcement agency in Luxembourg and has been operating since 1 January , when the Grand Ducal Gendarmerie previous Luxembourg military merged with the police force. Police brutality is not perceived to be a serious threat to society in Luxembourg. The European Union's Anti-Corruption report placed Luxembourg, along with Denmark and Finland, as having the lowest incidents of reported police brutality within the European Union. Laws in Luxembourg specifically distinguish between coercion and force in the Act on Regulating the Use of Force.
However, this Act does not cover other forms of physical coercion by police officers such as the use of handcuffs as these are seen as basic police measures that do not require specific legislation. The officer must be legitimately executing his duty and his actions and must be compatible under the principles of proportionality, subsidiarity, reasonability, and measure to use force.
The police inspector the term used for a common officer must undergo legal and tactical training lasting an intensive 26 months followed by further training at an allocated police station.
Although police brutality is almost nonexistent in Luxembourg, there are effective procedures in place for the investigation and punishment of any potential misconduct by the Grand Ducal Police. Malta's Police Force MPF is one of the oldest in Europe, with the Maltese government taking over the force in following the grant of self-governance. There are approximately 1, members in the Force. Under the Police Act of , Part V deals with the use of force, where"police officers may use such moderate and proportionate force as may be necessary [ Malta is expected to abide by the European Code of Ethics as a member of the European Union , where "the police may use force only when strictly necessary and only to the extent required to obtain a legitimate objective.
Similarly, the Council of Europe of which Malta is a member follows the five principles developed by the European Court of Human Rights , where definition 16 states that police officers "may use reasonable force when lawfully exercising powers". In , Lawrence Gonzi The Minister for Justice and Home Affairs called upon Martin Scicluna, a former civil servant and currently an expert on security issues at the Prime Minister's Office, to conduct an independent inquiry into 24 March police brutality incident.
The inquiry required the investigation of "allegations of beatings carried out on detainees at Safi Detention Centre by members of the Detention Service on 24 March and to make any recommendations necessary in the light of [his] findings". Scicluna made recommendations that "appropriate [action] should be taken to reprimand the Detention Service officers involved in this operation and the relevant Senior NCOs for the acts of 25 excessive force used by some personnel in their charge".
Although Malta has attempted to tackle the police brutality through the implementation of independent systems such as the Internal Affairs Unit IAU , the US Department of State report on Malta's human rights found that "authorities detained irregular immigrants under harsh conditions for up to 18 months during the review of their protected status.
After the IAU was implemented, the Human Rights Committee has raised questions on the use of force by state officials with respect to the countering of detention center riots, where police were accused of punching and striking detainees. An inquiry was consequently conducted in and following riots, resulting in criminal proceedings against the law enforcement officials responsible. They called upon Maltese authorities to conduct a rapid investigation emphasising the need to forbid violence against migrants and refugees, whether by state parties or by individuals.
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , concerning the conditions of migrants in detention, recommended that the "State party take appropriate measures to improve detention conditions and refrain from resorting to excessive use of force to counter riots by immigrants in detention centers, and also to avoid such riot".
The Malta Police Force issued a statement detailing what had happened, in which it claimed that Mr. Calleja acted aggressively, refused to take a breathalyser test, ignored police orders, and used foul language. He was subsequently arrested and taken to a police squad car, but according to the police statement, he kicked the driver, tried to escape and banged his head repeatedly against the car window. The police added that he even spit blood at police officers and bit a constable's arm, tearing off part of his skin.
When asked to state his client's plea, Dr. Abela declared "absolutely not guilty," before accusing the police of grossly distorting the truth. Calleja's nose was bandaged, and Dr. Abela presented a medical certificate showing that it had been broken as evidence. The lawyer also presented his client's blood-stained clothes — prosecuting inspector Jason Sultana originally objected, but relented after Dr. Abela said that this objection was due to the fact that the clothes helped confirm the injuries Mr.
Turkish F keyboard was standardized in and the design has been a requirement for imported typewriters since There are some non standard Brazilian Dvorak keyboard designs currently in development.
Another design, however, was specifically designed for Brazilian Portuguese , by means of a study that optimized typing statistics, like frequent letters, trigraphs and words.
It is available for Windows, Linux, and macOS. There is also the Neo layout [51] and the de ergo layout, [52] both original layouts that also use many of Dvorak's design principles. Because of the similarity of both languages, even the standard Dvorak layout with minor modifications is an ergonomic improvement with respect to the common QWERTZ layout.
Three Spanish [55] layouts exist. A Romanian version of the Dvorak layout named Popak after the name of its inventor was released in October It is available for both Windows and Linux. Polish propositions of national keyboard layout smiliar to Dvorak were created in s, but weren't introduced due to new version of Polish Norm in with modernized QWERTZ layout.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Keyboard layout. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. ISBN Retrieved March 30, BBC News. Retrieved August 11, Archived from the original on December 5, Retrieved December 22, September 6, S2CID Archived from the original on March 7, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies.
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General Services Administration. OCLC Retrieved July 14, Retrieved February 8, Margolis April Retrieved September 19, We show that David's version of the history of the market's rejection of Dvorak does not report the true history, and we present evidence that the continued use of Qwerty is efficient given the current understanding of keyboard design.
Dvorak Efficiency: A Computational Approach". Retrieved June 14, New York Times. July 2, Winners, Losers and Microsoft. Oakland, Calif. May American Economic Review. What a wild ride. Great longterm home. Both parties characterize the deal as a partnership, one aimed at growing the Reductress brand. Like, imagine losing half your brain. Toolkits : Major news publishers grow revenue with a blend of subscriptions and advertising — Subscription models aren't right for every publisher, but some are building robust advertising and subscription businesses alongside each other.
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